Nutrition and physical activity-induced changes in gut microbiota: possible implications for human health and athletic performance

The gut microbiota is a complex heterogeneous microbial community modulated by
endogenous and exogenous factors. Among the external causes, nutrition as well as physical activity
appear to be potential drivers of microbial diversity, both at the taxonomic and functional level,
likely also influencing endocrine system, and acting as endocrine organ itself. To date, clear-cut
data regarding which microbial populations are modified, and by which mechanisms are lacking.
Moreover, the relationship between the microbial shifts and the metabolic practical potential of the
gut microbiota is still unclear. Further research by longitudinal and well-designed studies is needed
to investigate whether microbiome manipulation may be an effective tool for improving human
health and, also, performance in athletes, and whether these effects may be then extended to the
overall health promotion of general populations. In this review, we evaluate and summarize the
current knowledge regarding the interaction and cross-talks among hormonal modifications, physical
performance, and microbiota content and function.