The Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Task-Oriented Movement on Upper Extremity Function in Healthy Individuals: A Crossover Study

Background and Objectives: Although virtual reality (VR) has been shown to be
effective in rehabilitation through motor learning principles, its impact on upper extremity
function, particularly in the context of console use, remains unclear. Materials and Methods:
This study aimed to investigate the effects of VR-based task-oriented movement on
the upper extremity of healthy individuals. A total of 26 healthy individuals performed
task-oriented movements in both real and virtual environments in a randomized order. All
participants completed a single session of task-oriented movements using a VR Goggle
system in a virtual setting. Physiotherapists designed immersive VR-based experiences
and 3D screen-based exergames for this study. Upper extremity function was assessed
using several measures: joint position sense (JPS) of the wrist and shoulder was evaluated
using a universal goniometer, reaction time was measured via a mobile application, and
gross manual dexterity was assessed using the box-and-block test (BBT). Evaluations were
conducted before and after the interventions. Results: The results showed that JPS remained
similar between conditions, while BBT performance improved in both groups. However,
the reaction time increased significantly only after VR intervention (p < 0.05). No significant
period or carryover effects were observed across the parameters. These findings suggest
that VR-based task-oriented training positively influences reaction time and supports hand
function. Moreover, VR systems that simulate joint position sense similar to real-world
conditions may be beneficial for individuals with musculoskeletal motor deficits. Conclusions:
These results highlight the potential for integrating VR technology into rehabilitation
programs for patients with neurological or orthopedic impairments, providing a novel tool
for enhancing upper extremity function and injury prevention strategies.