The role of virtual reality in neuropsychology: The virtual multiple errands test for the assessment of executive functions in Parkinson's disease

In recent years, Virtual Reality technologies have emerged as assessment and treatment tools in neuropsychology. In this chapter, we will explore the possibility of using Virtual Reality to improve the traditional neuropsychological assessment of executive functions. First, we will discuss the advantages offered by Virtual Reality to more traditional approaches. Then, the chapter details the characteristics of the Virtual Multiple Errands Test (VMET), a virtual reality tool developed using NeuroVR (http://www.neurovr.org)-a free virtual reality platform useful for the assessment and neurorehabilitation. Specifically, the VMET is an assessment protocol of executive functions, where participants are invited to navigate a virtual supermarket, completing tasks that require certain rules. In the chapter, we will present the detailed description of its clinical rationale and its different phases. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of the results obtained in different studies using the VMET will be outlined. Finally, we will discuss the potentiality of the VMET for integrating the traditional neuropsychological evaluation of patients with Parkinson's disease. Detection of early executive deficits in Parkinson's disease could facilitate the identification of patients at risk to develop dementia, and could give the chance to develop early neurorehabilitation interventions.