Lifestyle and Osteoporosis Risk in Men (Physical Activity, Diet, Alcohol Abuse)

Male osteoporosis is a health problem of multifactorial origin. Bone mineral density evaluation (BMD) by X-ray densitometry allows diagnosis, while stratification of risk fracture is usually done through useful diagnostic tools (i.e., FRAXc). The risk of osteoporotic fracture results from a combination of modifiable and unmodifiable factors. Lifestyle factors are the modifiable factors that can greatly impact on overall health and well-being, including bone health. Many lifestyle factors such as physical activity, diet, alcohol abuse, and smoking can have substantial effects on bone metabolism. Nowadays, the crucial role that lifestyle factors play in the development of male osteoporosis has generated a growing interest in this field of study. Male osteoporosis prevention (or non-pharmacological intervention) should be based on the elimination of specific modifiable risk factors (alcohol abuse, smoking, environmental risk factors for falls, etc.) by means of regular physical activity and an adequate nutritional supply of calcium and vitamin D. Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis are recommended for all subjects.