The effects of mindfulness-based strategies on perceived stress and psychobiosocial states in athletes and recreationally active people

The mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) programme is gaining increasing attention
in sport and physical activity domains. This programme comprises three meditation practices:
mindful yoga, body scan, and sitting meditation. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of a
dynamic (mindful yoga) strategy and a static (a combination of body scan/sitting meditation) strategy
on participants’ psychobiosocial states (PBS), perceived stress (PS) and mindfulness levels in athletes
and recreationally active (RA) people. Thirty-four participants (athletes = 18; RA participants = 16)
were assigned to a dynamic intervention strategy, and another 34 (athletes = 19; RA participants = 15)
were assigned to the static intervention strategy. Before the intervention, after the intervention
and three weeks later, the Italian versions of the PBS scale, the PS scale and the Mindful Attention
Awareness scale were administered. RM-(M)ANOVAs revealed that intervention strategies improved
functional PBS, reduced PS and enhanced mindfulness levels in both athletes and RA participants
after the intervention (p < 0.001, ηp
2 = 0.605). However, improved functional PBS after the intervention
(p < 0.001; d = 0.62) and stable PS levels at follow-up (p = 1) were observed mainly in athletes. The
findings reinforce the view of the importance of the body as a means to improve emotional and health
processes, and support the use of mindfulness strategies in sport to enhance individuals’ well-being.